Isaac Newton: One of History’s Greatest Scientists

Much of today’s science of physics is based on Newton’s discovery of the three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton also developed one of the most powerful tools of mathematics. It is the method we call calculus.

Late in his life, Newton said of his work: “If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants.”

One of those giants was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Galileo died the same year Newton was born. Another of the giants was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus. He lived a hundred years before Newton.

Copernicus had begun a scientific revolution. I led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus.

Isaac Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched.

Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England, on December twenty-fifth, sixteen forty-two. He was born early. He was a small baby and very weak. No one expected him to survive. But he surprised everyone. He had on of the most powerful minds in history. And he lived until he was eighty-four.

Newton’s father died before he was born. His mother married again a few years later. She left Isaac with his grandmother.

In his book, Newton explains the three natural laws of motion. The first law is that an object not moving remains still. And one that is moving continues to move at an unchanging speed, so long as no outside force influences it.

Objects in space continue to move, because nothing exists in space to stop them.

Newton’s second law of motion describes force. It says force equals the mass of an object, multiplied by the change in speed it produces in an object.

His third law says that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

From these three laws, Newton was able to show how the universe worked. He proved it with easily understood mathematics. Scientists everywhere accepted Newton’s ideas.

3.艾萨克.牛顿:历史上最伟大的科学家

今天物理科学的许多成就都是基于牛顿三大运动定律和万有引力理论的发现.牛顿还发展了最有力的数学工具之一,我们今天称之为微积分.

在晚年,牛顿说起自己工作时感叹到:"如果我比起他人看得更远,那时因为我站在巨人的肩膀上.

这些巨人中的一位是伟大的意大利科学家伽利略.伽利略在牛顿出生那年去世.另一位是波兰科学家尼古拉斯.哥白尼.他生活在牛顿出生前一百年.

哥白尼开启了一场科学革命.它导致了对天体运动方式的全新理解.伽利略继续并拓展发展了哥白尼的工作.

艾萨克.牛顿的理论基于这两位科学家和其他人的理论.他发现并证明了他们探索的问题的答案.

1642年12月25日,艾萨克.牛顿出生于英格兰的乌尔索普.他是个早产儿,生下来时很小很虚弱.没有人料想他能存活下去.但他震惊了所有的人.他拥有历史上最伟大的头脑之一,并且活到84岁.

牛顿的父亲在他出生之前就去世了.几年后,她的母亲改嫁,艾萨克被留给了他的祖母.

在他的书中,牛顿解释了三大自然运动定律.第一条定律是不运动的物体保持静止.并且只要没有外力影响,运动着的物体继续以不变的速度运动.太空中的物体持续运动因为太空中没有东西阻止它们.

牛顿的第二条运动定律描述了力.它说理等于物体的质量成一物体数度的变化.

他的第三条定律说;每一个作用力,都会有一个相等并相反的反作用力.

运用这三大定律,牛顿能够展示宇宙是如何运转的.他用极容易理解的数学理论证明了它.世界各地的科学家都接受了牛顿的观点.